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- * * * P C B o a r d 9 6 0 0 M o d e m I n f o * * *
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- November 6, 1986
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- Introduction
- ------------
- PCBoard now fully supports 9600 baud "async" modems operating at 4800,
- 7200, 9600 or 19200 baud. The code can be set to operate at any of these
- speeds. However, because most 9600 baud modems use V.29 protocol (a half
- duplex protocol) at speeds above 2400 baud, throughput during interactive
- mode when entering text, etc., can be very poor on some 9600 baud modems.
- Unfortunately, when operating at 4800 baud and above, these modems switch
- from full async mode to a internal "block checking" mode where the modems
- take over all error checking of the data being sent and received in a
- half-duplex type mode (data can only go in one direction at a time.) To
- do this, the modems build blocks or packets of information to send to the
- opposite machine. When data is being sent to the modem at a very slow
- rate by the software (when entering text, etc.), these "blocks" or packets
- do not get filled very quickly. In that case, the modem will wait a
- certain length of time and then "pad" their standard size block with nulls
- and send it to the opposite modem. This results in a very degraded flow
- of data and smoothness of operation for many board functions. The
- resultant throughput of information can fall back to less than that of
- 4800 baud because of the delays involved in building and sending these
- "incomplete" packets. Some modem manufacturers counteract this slowdown
- by using an algorithm which senses the slower rate of data input and
- shortens the time delay to build an incomplete block. Although they still
- send blocks padded with nulls, they start sending them at a much quicker
- rate so there is very little slowdown when performing interactive work -
- such as leaving a messages, entering commands, or chatting with the person
- on the opposite end of the phone connection.
-
- The place where the new high speed modems do well however is when
- transferring files. In this mode, depending on line quality conditions,
- the modems become very effective and yield close to their maximum
- throughput. In order to support the high transfer rate capabilities of
- these new modems in conjunction with their own built in error checking,
- two additional protocols are now available in PCBoard. They are Imodem
- and Ymodem-G. These two protocols will be discussed later in a follow up
- document.
-
-
- New Output Method of Sending Data
- ---------------------------------
- In order to insure no data "over-runs" occur at the receiver's machine,
- PCBoard uses a new method of sending data to the remote end. Instead of
- being "line" oriented with it's sending of data as has been done in the
- past, PCBoard's output to the modem is now "character" oriented. This
- allows the software to check for the remote machine indicating to PCBoard
- to "pause" while it catches up on the data being sent between each
- character rather than between each line of data. This is done through
-
-
-
-
-
- CTS/RTS checking. At the slower speeds, CTS/RTS checking is not usually
- relevant or active. However, at the higher rates of transmission, CTS/RTS
- checking becomes critical - since PCBoard can quickly send more data to
- the remote machine than it can handle - even at 19200 baud in "character"
- oriented mode. Therefore, when PCBoard runs, it continually checks the
- status of CTS (Clear To Send) before sending out a character. If the
- remote machine has fallen behind, it should toggle it's RTS Off - which
- ends up turning CTS off on the PCBoard machine. If PCBoard finds it's CTS
- off, it waits. When the remote turns it's RTS back on, the CTS on the
- board's modem will be turned back on indicating that the code can continue
- to send more characters. All of this insures that not even a single
- character will be lost to an "over-run" condition. This change has not
- affected the speed at which PCBoard operates. In all conditions tested,
- PCBoard was able to send information much faster than the receiver is able
- to accept it. Of course none of this CTS/RTS checking will work UNLESS
- the remote machine is also running their software in CTS/RTS checking
- mode! PCBoard also still looks for XON/XOFF signals as well. However,
- since they can be delayed considerably in their transmission - whereas
- CTS/RTS is almost instantaneous - callers should be advised to insure that
- CTS/RTS is active on their system before placing calls at these high rates
- of speed.
-
- In order to take advantage of CTS/RTS checking, as well as the new
- protocols, we strongly recommend that callers consider the use of Qmodem
- by The Forbin Project. John Friel, the author of Qmodem, has spent many
- long hours working with the authors of PCBoard to insure protocol and data
- transmission accuracy between a remote site and a PCBoard host. By using
- Qmodem, your caller's will be able to take full advantage of their new
- modems. Please encourage your user's to consider using Qmodem and to
- support John and the Forbin in their efforts by contributing the donation
- requested for it's use. Currently, Qmodem 2.4 (which is in beta test
- mode), is the only version of Qmodem which accurately supports both Imodem
- and Ymodem-G protocols. PCBoard 11.6a, in beta test at several locations
- throughout the US, will be released as production version 11.7 around
- January 1st in order to provide support for the 9600 baud modems and new
- protocols. User's should note that both Imodem and Ymodem-G are "full-
- flow" protocols with NO software checking of the data sent or received.
- It is assumed that the modems will be properly checking the integrity of
- the data by their own built in error checking. Although it will be
- possible to use either of these protocols at speeds of 2400 baud or less,
- they should NOT be used - since corrupted data make be received at the
- receiving machine due to the fact that the modem's internal error checking
- will NOT be functional! CAUTION YOUR USERS NOT TO USE EITHER OF THESE
- PROTOCOLS UNLESS THEY ARE USING A 9600 BAUD MODEM TO CALL ANOTHER 9600
- BAUD MODEM!!
-
-
- Variances in Output Rates at 9600 Baud
- --------------------------------------
- Maximum throughput at the higher baud rates can only be achieved if a
- number of factors are present. The first is that the machine running
- PCBoard can operate up to the speeds allowed. Things that will slow the
- output down are multi-tasking software, networks, etc. All of these can
- degrade the I/O from the max. Also, since data "errors" are not seen by
-
-
-
-
-
- either the remote or host machine - but instead by only the modems - line
- noise can seriously degrade throughput to a point where the equivalent
- speed is about equal that of 4800 baud or less - since the data may be
- sent several times to the receiver before a good packet is acknowledged by
- the recipient. Please note that a "cycling" or steady flashing SD (Send
- Data) light on your modem (a result of slower throughput), is not a
- problem with your hardware or software. It is simply a result of pushing
- your system to the limit of maximum I/O. PCBoard can not control the
- quality of phone lines or compensate for degradation of performance
- because of multi-tasking software. It will output it's data at the
- maximum rate possible under the conditions presented it. As a result of
- the multitude of conditions surrounding 9600 baud, varying levels of
- throughput will be achieved by different users, different modems, and
- different software - much more so that what has been experienced at the
- lower baud rates. Do NOT automatically expect your system to run as fast
- as someone else's if their configuration is different or their phone line
- quality is better! Also, file transfer times may vary GREATLY from those
- calculated and displayed by the code - since PCBoard calculates it's
- transfer times based on better than average conditions. Under multi-
- tasking conditions or poor phone line quality, actual transfer times can
- be double or triple those calculated by the program. If your system is
- running faster, shorter times may be common. If you are running under
- multi-tasking software or have noisy lines, transfer times may increase 2-
- 3 fold from those calculated. Again, this is NOT a problem with your
- software or hardware. It is simply a result of your over-all
- configuration and the maximum I/O that can be achieved under those
- conditions. If you experience large variances in throughput using a 9600
- baud modem, please do not call us and report a bug in the software as we
- will refer you back to this documentation and specifically this paragraph.
-
-
- 9600 Baud Standards
- -------------------
- The most critical item facing users of 9600 baud modems is the lack of a
- current standard among modem manufacturers. Presently, only "like brand"
- 9600 baud modems can talk to each other at any speed above 2400 baud.
- This is due to the fact that none of the manufacturers have yet to agree
- on a standard means of handshaking and error checking at the higher
- speeds. Of course, at 2400 baud and below, they will function properly
- with virtually any other brand of modem on the market simply because they
- all conform to V.22 standards and there is no modem to modem error
- checking being done. However, at speeds above 2400 baud, the modems must
- perform their own error checking - since the phone line quality on voice
- lines at those speeds is so bad. If they didn't - the callers would be
- faced with large amounts of line noise on their screens. So, what we
- currently have are a number of 9600 baud modem manufacturers out there
- trying to have their modem become the "standard" upon which all others
- will follow. Unfortunately, that places you, the purchaser, in a very
- undesirable position. Whose modem should you buy? Will "it" become the
- standard? The answers to these questions are still unresolved. As a
- result, Clark Development Company, Inc. at the present time does not
- recommend any brand of 9600 baud modem to use with PCBoard software.
- Although the software will properly support the new modems and CTS/RTS
- checking, we suggest that you contact the modem manufacturers and stress
-
-
-
-
-
- the point that you are interested in insuring they (the manufacturers)
- quickly reach an agreement on standard handshaking and error correction.
- If they don't, callers will be faced with a similar problem when trying to
- decide on a brand of 9600 baud modem to buy for their personal use - since
- various boards may be running various brands of 9600 baud modems - and if
- they decide on one brand, will the boards they call also have that brand
- available.
-
-
-
-
-
- M o d e m S u p p l i e r s
- ------------------------------
-
- Currently there are a number of manufacturers supplying 9600 baud dial-up
- modems. Unfortunately, we have had a chance of evaluating only two of the
- modems listed below and therefore are not prepared at this time to make
- available suggested modem settings or performance information on the
- entire list. However, if you are interested in contacting any of the 9600
- baud modem manufacturers - the following list may assist you in your
- efforts:
-
- EVI/FASTCOMM Data Corp.
- 12347-E Sunrise Valley Drive
- Reston, Virginia 22091
- (800) 521-2496
- (703) 620-3900
- Offering FASTCOMM internal or external 9600 baud modems with
- fallback to 7200, 4800, 2400, 1200 or 300 baud. Internal - $895
- External - $995
-
-
- Microcom Inc.
- 1400A Providence Hwy.
- Norwood, MA 02062
- (800) 822-8224
- (617) 762-9310
- Offering Microcom AX/9624c external 9600 baud modem with fallback to
- 7200, 4800, 2400, 1200 or 300 baud. External - $1,799
-
-
- Racal-Vadic
- 1525 McCarthy Blvd.
- Milpitas, CA 95035
- (408) 946-2227
- Offering 9600VP external 9600 baud modem with fallback to 7200,
- 4800, 1200 and 300 baud. External - $1,495
-
-
- USRobotics
- 8100 McCormick Blvd.
- Skokie, Illinois 60076
- (800) 342-5877
- (312) 982-5001
- Offering Courier HST external 9600 baud modem with fallback to 2400,
- 1200 and 300 baud. External - $995
-
-
- Digital Communications Associates, Inc.
- 1000 Alderman Drive
- Alpharetta, GA 30201
- (404) 442-4000
- Offering Fastlink internal and external modems with fallback to
- 2400, 1200 and 300 baud. Internal - $1,995 External - $2,395
-